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VAT registration becomes compulsory for a business once its taxable turnover meets the registration threshold in a 12-month period, although some businesses find it useful to register for VAT before that point. With so many rules flying about, VAT can be pretty confusing, so in this guide we explain who needs to register for VAT, how and when, and the different types of VAT scheme you can register for.
You must register your business for VAT once your VAT taxable business turnover reaches the VAT registration threshold in any 12-month period.
Your VAT taxable turnover is the total amount of everything you sell that is not exempt from VAT.
Goods or services which are considered to be essential are normally exempt from VAT, such as:
You might sometimes see VAT exempt items referred to as being ‘out of scope’, because they are outside of the scope of VAT rules. You’ll still need to record these transactions in your bookkeeping, even if they’re exempt from VAT.
Add together all of your UK sales that aren’t VAT exempt for the previous 12-months. The total will show you your VAT taxable turnover. If it’s approaching or exceeds £90,000, you’ll need to register for VAT.
When you work out VAT taxable turnover, you should also include any zero-rated items (sales which include items rated at 0% VAT). Zero rated VAT is different to being VAT exempt, so you’ll still need to include these in your VAT records. We explain the difference between zero rate and exempt in more detail in our VAT terminology article!
We also have a short video which explains how VAT works, that you can watch below.
The VAT registration process is pretty uncomplicated, though the process might be slightly different depending on the VAT scheme that you’re applying for.
You can sign up for VAT online. Before registering online, make sure you have the following information to hand:
You might need to register your business for VAT by filling out a VAT1 form and sending it to HMRC in the post. This might be because you’re:
The VAT registration process for a partnership is largely the same as it is for any other business, with the extra step of completing a VAT2 form to tell HMRC about each partner in the partnership. A single form can register up to 9 partners at a time, though each partner will need to sign their own section of the form.
You should receive a VAT registration certificate within 30 working days whichever method you use to register, but it’s not uncommon for this to take a little longer. It’s useful to plan ahead and think about how VAT registration can affect your pricing. You might decide to add the VAT to your current price (making the purchase more expensive for your customer), or you might decide to include it in your pricing (which means smaller profit margins).
Take note of your ‘effective date of registration’ as this will be the date from which you’ll be due to pay VAT to HMRC. In some cases, you might also be able to reclaim VAT you paid before your registration started.
The effective VAT registration date is the first day of the second month after you’ve exceeded the threshold. For example, if you reach the VAT registration threshold on 8th August, you must register before the end of September, and the effective date of VAT registration is 1st October.
Although VAT registration is compulsory once a business hits the registration threshold, some find that making a voluntary registration is beneficial for them. This doesn’t apply to everyone, but most businesses choosing to make an early VAT registration find it’s more tax efficient. In some industries it can even help you compete for jobs. The process of registering for VAT is still the same.
You should report any changes or updates affecting your VAT registration to HMRC as soon as possible, either online or by post using a VAT484 form. In most cases you must report any changes within 30 days to avoid penalties. Changes to your VAT registration that you might need to report could include:
In some cases you might be able to transfer your VAT registration. For instance, if someone leaves a partnership and it becomes a sole trader business, the VAT registration will need transferring to the sole trader. Transferring registration might also be the result of someone selling a business which will continue trading.
You can request a transfer of your VAT registration either online, or by posting a VAT68 form. You’ll also need to send a VAT1 form with the details of the organisation taking over your VAT registration.
Yes, you are able to cancel your VAT registration. In fact, it’s actually a requirement to do so if the business stops trading, or no longer deals with VAT-taxable items. Make sure you cancel within 30 days of becoming ineligible to avoid HMRC penalties!
If your VAT taxable turnover falls below the de-registration threshold of £88,000 in a 12-month rolling period, you can simply request that HMRC cancels your VAT registration.
You can cancel your VAT registration online, or by sending off a VAT7 form through the post.
It usually takes around 3 weeks for your cancellation date to be confirmed but be aware – you must still submit a VAT Return for the period up to, and including, this date. Once deregistered, you are still able to reclaim VAT incurred before the cancellation using a VAT427 form.
If your VAT taxable turnover creeps up over the £90,000 threshold again, you will need to re-register the business for VAT.
If your VAT taxable turnover is below the registration threshold, you have nothing to worry about. Making a voluntary registration is just that – voluntary (though once you register, you must follow the rules!).
If your VAT taxable turnover from the previous 12 months has exceeded the current threshold and you don’t register your business for VAT, you’re likely to find yourself in a spot of bother with HMRC. Failing to register for VAT when you’re supposed to will normally result in a penalty.
The penalty amount depends on how much VAT you owe, and how late your registration is. It will be somewhere between 5-15% of the VAT you owe, with a minimum penalty of £50.
The VAT that you owe will also be added on top of the penalty amount, even if no VAT was charged to the customer at the time of sale.
If a customer is VAT registered, you’ll be able to raise a VAT-only invoice and collect payment from them retrospectively. If a customer is not VAT registered, then this won’t be an option but the business will still need to pay HMRC the VAT it owes.
In some instances, a business might also be charged with a failure to notify penalty, or even a civil evasion penalty on top of that. Ouch!
Learn more about our online accounting services for VAT, talk to one of the team on 020 3355 4047, or get an instant online quote.
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